Introduction
There is a charge for carbon emissions that is called a carbon tax. The carbon that is present in all fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, is emitted as carbon dioxide upon combustion. Since the infrared radiation produced by sunlight that has heated Earth cannot adequately escape to space due to the discharged carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping effect results. The buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over time adds to climate change and harms the ecosystem irreversibly.
Feasibility of Producing Gasohol from Agriculture Waste
As rotten waste agricultural biomass emits methane and leachate, and open burning by farmers to clear the lands generates CO2 and other local pollutants, the rapid increase in volume and types of waste agricultural biomass as a result of intensive agriculture in the wake of population growth and improved living standards is becoming a burgeoning problem. As a result, inappropriate waste agricultural biomass management contributes to climate change, water and soil contamination, and local air pollution.
Furthermore, this trash is highly valuable in terms of material and energy recovery. While many governments and other entities are working hard to manage waste agricultural biomass and transform it into a material resource, there are still significant gaps to fill, particularly owing to the phenomena of “not in sight and not in mind.” Most garbage is not diverted for material and energy recovery due to a lack of knowledge and capacity. This would save trash disposal costs while also generating cash from the sale of recovered materials and energy.
If the 2012 hypothetical world population growth rate of 2.2% were to continue, what would be the population in 2050? The 2012 population was about 7 billion.
Through the following formula, we can calculate the expected population
x(t) = x0 × (1 + r) ^t
Where x(t) is the final population after time t
x0 is the initial population
r is the rate of growth
and t is the total time (number of years
by putting the values into the formula,
x(2050) = 7,000,000,000 x (1+ 0.022)^38
in 2050 the approximate population of the world will be 16.004 Billion after 38 years.
Relevance of non-conventional fossil fuels such as Shale oil, Tar Sands in the energy equation for Carbon Tax
Oil sands contain nearly three times as much carbon as regular oil, and are chemically comparable to coal. And oil shale is anticipated to have the same high carbon content. When recovered and burnt, most of the carbon contained in these unconventional oils has the potential to produce carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas. However, the impact of such large carbon stores is not reflected in the cited emission increases because fuel standards for motor vehicles (per mile driven) are computed, and the driving cycle in today’s inefficient cars and trucks masks the carbon intensity of the upstream processes involved in using gasoline and diesel fuels.
The use of a driving basis is beneficial in carbon accounting for motor vehicles that run on various types of fuel. However, a wider oil strategy is required to appropriately reflect the carbon intensity of new oil feedstocks across the economy, accounting for all of their consequences.
As oil changes, so will its emissions. A unit of fuel feedstock is frequently thought to be identical to a unit of a given fuel product. However, as oils become heavier, they will need more feedstock to produce the same amount of each byproduct. Furthermore, as unconventional oil becomes a larger proportion of the crude oil supply, less gasoline, and jet fuel will be produced in comparison to other, generally heavier and dirtier, petroleum products. Furthermore, because of their complex and dynamic inputs and outputs, refineries will introduce bigger mistakes when accounting for their carbon impacts, making determining the precise degree of emissions more challenging. Attributing carbon tax fluxes from upstream operations and byproducts (such as petroleum coke) to downstream petroleum products (such as gasoline) adds to the difficulty of precise carbon tax accounting.
1st, 2nd, and 3rd laws of Thermodynamics. Show the connections between Energy, Heat, and Work.
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted into heat and work. If we consider the example of a gas container sealed with a piston heated with a flame, it will move the piston to do work if it is flexible. On the other hand, if we fix the piston it will cause to increase in temperate or heat generation.
According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, energy is transferred from one form to another form, and the major portion of energy may be wasted. It also shows the relationships between thermal energy or heat and other forms of energy. It can also be as the heat flowing from a hot place to a cold place naturally. According to this law, thermal energy can be only used to perform work when it is moved from hot to cold using the analogy of conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy. According to the 3rd law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a system can be constant in value when the absolute temperature will become equal to zero.
Process of controlling NOx & PM2.5, 10 emissions
Nitrogen oxides are a toxic, highly reactive gas family. Production of gasses when high-temperature fuel is burning. Automobiles, trucks, and other non-road vehicles generate NOx pollution (e.g., construction equipment, boats, etc.) NOx is frequently seen as a brownish gas. It is a powerful oxidizing agent that contributes significantly to the atmospheric interactions with volatile organic compounds (VOC) that form ozone (smog) on hot summer days. The states of New England have enacted restrictions requiring numerous facilities to decrease NOx emissions. These emissions can be minimized by modifying the combustion process or adding air pollution control equipment (such as selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) or selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The restrictions are from New England states to be compatible with three independent NOx reduction programs:
- NOx Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT)
- Ozone Transport Region NOx Cap and Allowance Trading Program
- EPA’s Ozone Transport NOx SIP Call
To summarise, source removal is the most successful and frequently the least costly approach to controlling PM.
More than 90% effectiveness in dust reduction was recorded inside the confines of the home
In certain circumstances, source removal is insufficient for other reasons. The most extensively used technique is ventilation. Mechanical ventilation benefits from air purification at the intake. lower the concentration of particulates inside While ventilation decreases indoor pollutant concentrations, resuspension may enhance dust formation. Furthermore, The majority of the design is dictated by temperature and humidity. Many questions remain about its impact on PM control
Comparison between a carbon tax and cap-and-trade with their pros/cons
Carbon taxes and cap-and-trade regimes have numerous significant benefits over other approaches. Both cut emissions by promoting the lowest-cost emissions reductions, and they do so without requiring anybody to know when or where these emissions reductions will take place. Both policies promote the development of innovative low-carbon technology by investors and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, both programs produce government cash (if emissions allowances are auctioned under cap-and-trade) that may be put to good use.
Advantages Of a carbon tax and cap-and-trade:
Carbon tax and cap-and-trade programs differ significantly, and each has specific advantages. The United States has pledged to the world community that by 2025, it will lower its yearly greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28 percent below 2005 levels. A cap-and-trade strategy can enhance assurance that emissions will fall below predefined emissions objectives by establishing an emissions cap that lowers over time.
A carbon tax ensures that carbon prices remain consistent, allowing energy producers and businesses to make investment decisions without concern about shifting regulatory costs. Furthermore, if emissions reductions are less expensive than expected—as can be the case if, for example, an economic slump causes emissions to fall—a tax offers a continuous price signal, but cap-and-trade does not stimulate reductions beyond the emissions goal.
Disadvantages Of a carbon tax and cap-and-trade:
Critics focus on specific downsides of carbon taxes or cap-and-trade programs, but their arguments fall flat if policies are well-designed. While a carbon tax does not provide the same level of certainty as cap-and-trade, adequate stringency can be provided by design aspects such as a “ratcheting mechanism” that adjusts the levy upward if the initial emissions reductions are insufficient. Cap-and-trade opponents point to issues that actual cap-and-trade programs, such as the European Union Emissions Trading Schedule and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, have faced, such as weak emissions caps, volatility in emission allowance prices, and overly generous allocations of emissions allowances to regulated entities. However, these are issues with the design of a cap-and-trade scheme, and each has a simple remedy.
Amount of CO2 released in burning 1 gallon of gasoline. The density of gasoline is about 730 kg/m3, and gasoline is about 84% carbon by weight.
A carbon atom has an atomic weight of 12. This means its nucleus (center) contains 6 Protons and 6 neutrons, adding up to 12. One oxygen atom has an atomic weight of 16. So each molecule of CO2 has an atomic weight of 44:
1 carbon + 1 oxygen + 1 oxygen = carbon dioxide
12 + 16 + 16 = 44
So the total atomic weight of a molecule of CO2 is 44, which is 3.7 times more than the carbon atom alone weighs (44 divided by 12).
Next, we need to know how much of the weight of the gasoline is just the carbon. Gasoline is about 84% carbon and 16% hydrogen by weight. So the carbon in a gallon of gasoline (weighing 6.3 pounds) weighs 5.5 pounds (.84 x 6.3 pounds = 5.29 pounds). In one gallon of gasoline, the carbon is 5.29 pounds and 2.399504 kg.
Air quality is wrestling with whether or not to permit diesel passenger cars to be sold in your state. Formulate an argument one way or another, drawing on the latest information on “clean diesel” technology.
Clean diesel is a refined diesel fuel that improves combustion efficiency and reduces hazardous emissions. The terms ultra-low sulfur diesel and ultra-low sulfur gasoline are frequently used interchangeably. This is because clean diesel is processed to drastically reduce the amount of sulfur in the gasoline. Since 1970, the Clean Air Act has demonstrated that preserving public health and expanding the economy can coexist.
Clean Air Act initiatives have reduced levels of six main pollutants, including particulates, ozone, lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, as well as a variety of hazardous contaminants. Due to the technological advancement in diesel technology, a state should have proper checks and balances. And only those passenger cars should be allowed who have the respective license for environmental protection standards.
Calculate the overall efficiency for the following system: Power plant (η1 = 0.35), Transmission lines (η2 = 0.92), and Incandescent bulb (η3 = 0.05). What if the bulb is CFL with an efficiency of 0.20? Discuss your results assuming that both systems have the same output.
Showing the calculations.
Overall efficiency = Power plan (n1)* Transmission line (n2)* bulb (n3)
= 0.35*0.92* 0.05 = 0.375
With the assumption that both outputs have the same results, we can see that output depends on different factors like thermal energy conversion through a mechanical process and converted into chemical energy.
How much potential energy is acquired when an 80 kg (176 lb) man reaches the top of an 18000 m mountain? How many donuts of energy is that if 1 donut = 150 Calories? Note that food “Calories” are kilocalories of energy! Note: (1 kc = 4.185 kJ) – show the calculations.
Mass (m) = 80kg
Gravitation (g) = 9.8 m/s^2
Height (h) = 18000 m
From the below equation, we can find out the potential energy.
E= mgh = (80kg) * (9.8 m/s^2) * (18000) = 14112000 J
A man will gain 14121576 J of energy when he reaches a height of 18000 meters.
1 donut calories = 150 calories or kilocalories
1 kilocalories = 4.185 kJ
If we divide potential energy by kilocalories and multiply it with donut calories we will find that this gained potential energy is equal to
14112000J*4.185kc = 59058720 kJ
Number of donuts = 59058720 kJ/150 = 393724.8
This potential energy would be equal to 393724.8 donuts.
Some true and False statements On carbon tax
- True: We make choices about energy every day.
- True: Energy is the capacity to do work.
- False: The automobile is an example of a heat pump.
- False: 232Th is more plentiful on Earth than either of the uranium isotopes.
- False: Efficiency is an energy source.
- False: Fast breeder reactors are primarily categorized by the type of moderator they use.
- False: Cap-and-Trade scheme allows for a more predictable price for a carbon tax.
- True: In reinserting feedback, the response assists the initial effect.
- True: A “quad” can be applied to the energy content of oil, or electricity.
- False: Your body’s power output is ~ 100 Mw.
- True: 1 kWh represents an amount of energy.
- True: The simplest fusion process is the fusion of two protons.
- False: d-d fusion is the most desirable to produce useable fusion energy yet difficult to achieve.
- False: Real engines rarely fall below the Carnot ideal.
- False: COP of a heat pump is generally < 1.
- True: Actinides are uranium and related heavy elements that are found in spent fuel.
- True: INES classifications are useful to categorize nuclear events.
- False: The RBMK reactor is inherently unstable at high power levels.
- False: The plot of mass number as an f (atomic number) is referred to as a Segrè plot.
- True: The ratio of energy use to GDP is called “Energy Intensity”
- True: Fischer-Tropsch process can be used to produce transportation fuel from coal.
- False: The earth’s albedo is ~ 0.5.
- False: Another name for London Smog is “Photochemical Smog”.
- False: LNG has a volume of only ½ of its gaseous state.
- True: Electrostatic precipitators can remove more than 99% of PM.